Public-key Cryptography: It enables identification by using digital signatures or identification mechanisms over the internet without actually meeting the people in advance. It enables secret messaging between people who have never met.

Zero-Knowledge Proof : It proves essentially that the theoretical mathematical claims are correct, without actually revealing the proof. In application, it enables proving the identity without revealing information which will enable someone to impersonate you in the future. In context of blockchain, it will prove a particular smart contract has been executed correctly.

Next Innovation : Collaboration between multiple people or multiple data holders, e.g. hospital which might have different cohorts of patients. Different hospitals can use cryptography to share information of a large number of patients and one specific hospital may not have enough number of patients for such a study. However, medical records are not to be divulged. Such a collaboration is possible using cryptography without revealing personal information of different entities.