McDonald is quintessentially American. According to Dileep Padgaonkar, former editor of the Times of India, it subliminally seeks to profit from the prestige attached to American power and influence and to American values as well. It makes some concessions in a global set up — it uses lamb instead of beef in India and in Muslim countries it uses only halal viands. Being an American symbol, it is targeted in many countries.Eric  Schlosser, an investigative journalist published in 2001 a critique of the fast food industry entitled Fast Food Nation. He reveals that until 1990 McDonald cooked its French fries in beef tallow. Since then the chain has switched to pure vegetable oil. He also pointed out that till 1997, hamburgers were made from the meat of barren cows who were fattened on livestock waste. He also revealed that the flavour, aromas and texture of the fast food had more to do  with chemical engineering than to culinary skills.