There are encryption apps such as Signal, Wickr and Telegram. These encode cell phone messages. Technology companies such as Apple made encryption technology a standard not so, part of its iMessage service. The keys to decode the messages are not held by Apple but by users at each end of the conversation. If this is not so, customers’ confidence is undermined. Even this end-to-end encrypted technology leaves a trail metadata behind.   This can be used to parse who is communicating with whom, when such communication is taking place and where it is taking place. The content is hidden by encryption but not the presence of the communicators. To read the communications, they can hack into a target’s device, what they call at the end point. Encryption is not helpful if the end point that holds the keys is compromised. Encryption has initiated a new debate about security versus privacy.